@article{oai:reitaku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000151,
 author = {大橋, 照枝 and Ohashi, Terue},
 issue = {2},
 journal = {麗澤経済研究, Reitaku International Journal of Economic Studies},
 month = {Sep},
 note = {Sustainable welfare indicator HSM(Human Satisfaction Measure) including triple bottom line (Society, Environment and Economy) was proposed by Ohashi in 2000 and developed from Ver.1, Ver.2-(1), Ver.2-(2), Ver.3-(1), Ver.3-(2), Ver.4, Ver.5 with help of Dr. Hong Nguyen and Professor Nobuyuki Kimata. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is only economic indicator, not including society nor environment.
So, several indicators were developed including society or environment etc., trying to compensate GDP.
They are SEEA (Handbook of National Accounting Integrated System of Environmental and Economic Accounting), NNW (Net National Welfare), ISEW/GPI (Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare / Genuine Progress Indicator), HDI (Human Development Index), HPI (The Happy Planet Index) and so on.
GNH (Gross National Happiness) was presented by Bhutanese 4th King Jigme Singye Wangchuck at the press conference after the conference of Nonaligned Nations 1976 at his age 21 old years. GNH is declared as first priority of Bhutan in Bhutanese constitution.
Now GNH is well-known in the world, because Bhutan joined many international organization such as UN, UNDP, World Bank and so on.
GNH has 4 strategic areas.
1. Sustainable & equitable socio-economic development.
2. Environmental conservation.
3. Preservation and promotion of culture.
4. Good governance.
And nine dimensions
Dimension 1: Psychological Well-being
Dimension 2: Cultural diversity
Dimension 3: Time Use & balance
Dimension 4: Good Governance
Dimension 5: Community Vitality
Dimension 6: Living standard (income)
Dimension 7: Ecological diversity and resilience
Dimension 8: Health of the population
Dimension 9: Education
As Dr. Sabina Alkire wrote, Bhutan’s vision of development is more holistic than western concept, and incorporates culture and spirituality, governance, emotional well-being and community, along side material living standard⑴.
HDI (Human Development Index) is composed only 3 indicator (Health, Education and Real GDP per capital ($ppp)), so HPI is composed satisfaction of life, Health and Ecological Footprint.
HDI and HPI are using simple quantitative data, so very easily calculated.
But GNH composed some qualitative data, so calculation of GNH indicator is somewhat strange way. Karma Ura, President, the Centre for Bhutan Studies called aggregation method⑵.
This paper showed the process of GNH calculation.
By the way, for the development of HSM Ver. 6, Ohashi included Democracy as the No.7th indicator of new HSM. Jeremy Bentham ( 1748-1832 ) who suggested “ the greatest happiness for the greatest number ” said that Parliamentary democracy can achieve it.
According to the calculation results of 18 countries, Japanese HSM value is the lowest in the year 2005 to 2007. The reason is that the Japanese Ecological Footprint overshoots 8.17 times to biocapacity and it’s the largest in 18 countries. Japan should decrease the load of environment much more.
⑴ Sabina Alkire et al., 2008, Gross National Happiness and Poverty in Bhutan: Appling the GNH Index Methodology to explore Poverty, p.2.
http://www.ophi.org.uk/subindex.php?id=publications0
⑵ Karma Ura, 2008, GNH INDEX
http://www.grossnationalhappiness.com (but now the paper is cancelled)},
 pages = {17--43},
 title = {ブータンのGNH(Gross National Happiness:国民総幸福)の算出手法とHSM(Human Satisfaction Measure:人間満足度尺度)のVer.6 の開発},
 volume = {18},
 year = {2010},
 yomi = {オオハシ, テルエ}
}